ISSN: 1308-6200 | Publisher: Kültür Ajans 

Karadeniz International Scientific Journal

This is an internationally refereed social science journal that is published every three months (quarterly) in electronic-based and print-based since 2009. The journal publishes four issues each year (March, June, September, and December).

The publication language of this journal is Turkish, English, or Russian.

This is an open-access journal. Therefore, all issues and articles published so far can be accessed free of charge from the journal's website.

 

Issue 48
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EFFECTIVENESS OF WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES IN TEACHING PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS TO STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

Deniz DAĞSEVEN EMECEN

The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of using combination of worked-out questions with backward fading (withdrawal of clues) and worked-out examples with self-explanation prompt on children's verbal problem solving skills with children diagnosed with learning difficulties. As for the research, one of the single-subject research models, a multiple probe design, a variation on the multiple baseline model, was used. The dependent variable of the study is the percentage of correct answers given by students to verbal problems. The independent variable of the research is combination of worked out questions with backward fading and worked-out questions with self-explanation prompt. The study group of the study consists of three female students, twso of them are 11 years old and one is 12 years old, who have been diagnosed with learning difficulties, who are mainstreaming students that attend a special education center in Istanbul. In order to evaluate the effect of worked out examples on mathematical problem solving in the study, total probe, daily probe, teaching, monitoring and generalization sessions were held. Graphical analysis was used to analyze the data obtained in the study. Both inter-observer reliability and application reliability data were collected in the study. The inter observer reliability of the research is 100% for the baseline level, 100% for teaching sessions, and 100% for follow-up and generalization sessions. The application reliability of the research is 100% for the baseline level, 100% for teaching sessions, and 100% for monitoring and generalization sessions. The research findings show that the combination of worked out examples with backward fading and worked out examples with self explanation prompt was effective in the verbal problem solving skill of all the students participating in the study, and the permanence of what was learned was preserved 2,3,4 weeks after the end of the teaching. In generalization sessions held with a different practitioner, all students gave 100% correct answers to the verbal problems asked.

Keywords: Special Education, Learning Difficulty, Mathematical Problem Solving, Worked Out Examples Application, Backward Fading, Self-Explanation Prompt

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